Summary: Researchers discovered significant sex-specific differences in brain development between autistic boys and girls aged 2-13. The study found that autistic girls have a thicker cortex at age 3 and faster cortical thinning into middle childhood compared to boys.
This research highlights the need for more inclusive studies to understand autism fully. Biological differences, in addition to underdiagnosis, contribute to the sex bias in autism diagnoses.
Key Facts:
- Autistic girls have a thicker cortex at age 3 compared to non-autistic girls.
- Cortical thinning in autistic girls occurs faster than in autistic boys into middle childhood.
- The study emphasizes the importance of including both sexes in longitudinal autism research.
Source: UC Davis
A new study led by UC Davis researchers finds widespread differences in brain development between autistic boys and girls ages 2-13.
The study, published recently in Molecular Psychiatry, found sex-specific changes in the thickness of the outer layer of the brain, called the cortex.
The findings are notable because so few studies have addressed cortical development in autistic girls, who are diagnosed with autism less often than males. Nearly four males are diagnosed with autism for every one female.
“It is clear that this sex bias is due, in part, to underdiagnosis of autism in females,” said Christine Wu Nordahl, a professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the UC Davis MIND Institute and a senior author on the paper. “But this study suggests that differences in diagnosis are not the full story — biological differences also exist.”
The brain’s outer layer, the cortex, is made up of distinct layers comprised of millions of neurons. These fire in sync together, allowing us to think, learn, solve problems, build memories, and experience emotions. Until about age 2, the cortex rapidly thickens as new neurons are created. After this peak, the outer cortical layer thins.
Previous studies have found that this thinning process is different in autistic children than non-autistic children, but whether autistic boys and girls share the same differences had not been examined.
“It’s important to learn more about how sex differences in brain development may interact with autistic development and lead to different developmental outcomes in boys and girls,” explained Derek Andrews, lead author on the study and an assistant project scientist in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and at the MIND Institute.
A changing cortex in childhood
The research team studied the brain scans of 290 autistic children — 202 males and 88 females, and 139 non-autistic, typically developing individuals — 79 males and 60 females. They used sex assigned at birth to categorize the children.
All participants were in the MIND Institute’s Autism Phenome Project (APP), one of the largest longitudinal autism studies in the world.
The project includes the Girls with Autism Imaging of Neurodevelopment (GAIN) study, launched to increase the number of females represented in research. The researchers took MRI scans at up to four time periods between the ages of 2 and 13.
They found that at age 3, autistic girls had a thicker cortex than non-autistic girls of the same age, comprising about 9% of the total cortical surface. Differences in autistic males when compared to non-autistic males of the same age were much less widespread.
In addition, when compared to males, autistic females had faster rates of cortical thinning into middle childhood. The cortical differences were present across multiple neural networks.
“We found differences in the brain associated with autism across nearly all networks in the brain,” Andrews said.
He noted that it was a surprise at first that the differences were greatest at younger ages. Because autistic girls had a more rapid rate of cortical thinning, by middle childhood, the differences between autistic males and females were much less pronounced.
“We typically think of sex differences as being larger after puberty. However, brain development around the ages of 2-4 is highly dynamic, so small changes in timing of development between the sexes could result in large differences that then converge later,” Andrews explained.
The importance of long-term studies of both sexes
These findings make it clear that longitudinal studies that include both sexes are necessary, Nordahl said.
“If we had only looked at boys at age 3, we may have concluded that there were no differences. If we had both boys and girls, but only investigated differences at 11 years of age, we may have concluded that there were very few sex differences in the cortex. We needed to follow both boys and girls across development to see the full picture,” she explained.
This was why Nordahl, who now directs the APP, launched the GAIN study in 2014. “The APP had a wonderfully large sample of about 150 autistic boys, but only about 30 autistic girls.
This was too few autistic girls to really examine how they might be similar or different to boys, so we worked to increase the representation of autistic females in our research,” she said.
GAIN is unique, and Andrews said he hopes other researchers will follow suit in including more autistic girls in autism research.
“Autistic females represent about 20% of the autistic population. Any successful effort to understand autism will need to include autistic females.”
Co-authors on the study include Kersten Diers and Martin Reuter of the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases; Devani Cordero of Massachusetts General Hospital; and Joshua K. Lee, Danielle J. Harvey, Brianna Heath, Sally J. Rogers, Marjorie Solomon and David Amaral of UC Davis.
Funding: The study was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH127046, R01MH128814 and R01MH103284), the National Institute of Child Health and Development (P50 HD093079) and the MIND Institute Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (P50 HD103526)
About this autism research news
Author: Marianne Sharp
Source: UC Davis
Contact: Marianne Sharp – UC Davis
Image: The image is credited to Neuroscience News
Original Research: Open access.
“Sex differences in trajectories of cortical development in autistic children from 2–13 years of age” by Christine Wu Nordahl et al. Molecular Psychiatry
Abstract
Sex differences in trajectories of cortical development in autistic children from 2–13 years of age
Previous studies have reported alterations in cortical thickness in autism. However, few have included enough autistic females to determine if there are sex specific differences in cortical structure in autism.
This longitudinal study aimed to investigate autistic sex differences in cortical thickness and trajectory of cortical thinning across childhood.
Participants included 290 autistic (88 females) and 139 nonautistic (60 females) individuals assessed at up to 4 timepoints spanning ~2–13 years of age (918 total MRI timepoints).
Estimates of cortical thickness in early and late childhood as well as the trajectory of cortical thinning were modeled using spatiotemporal linear mixed effects models of age-by-sex-by-diagnosis.
Additionally, the spatial correspondence between cortical maps of sex-by-diagnosis differences and neurotypical sex differences were evaluated. Relative to their nonautistic peers, autistic females had more extensive cortical differences than autistic males.
These differences involved multiple functional networks, and were mainly characterized by thicker cortex at ~3 years of age and faster cortical thinning in autistic females.
Cortical regions in which autistic alterations were different between the sexes significantly overlapped with regions that differed by sex in neurotypical development.
Autistic females and males demonstrated some shared differences in cortical thickness and rate of cortical thinning across childhood relative to their nonautistic peers, however these areas were relatively small compared to the widespread differences observed across the sexes.
These results support evidence of sex-specific neurobiology in autism and suggest that processes that regulate sex differentiation in the neurotypical brain contribute to sex differences in the etiology of autism.
